The term "roaches" used in the episode can be regarded as a reference to Rwandan genocide in 1994 - during the atrocities, Hutu-led broadcasting stations would often use word "roach" (inkotanyi) as euphemism for Tutsi to avoid potential allegations of engaging in hate speech.
The title "Men Against Fire" comes from a book by US Army historian S.L.A. Marshall by the same name. In it, Marshall claims that in World War II fewer than 25% of soldiers in combat fired their weapons at the enemy. This is quoted by Arquette in his conversations with Stripe.
The language the civilians are speaking is Danish.
The song that Raiman sings is Anyone Who Knows What Love Is (Will Understand)' by Irma Thomas. This is the same song that Abi performs in Fifteen Million Merits (2011) and Beth sings in White Christmas (2014).
One soldier has the name tag Medina. Captain Ernest Medina was court-martialed for his role in the My Lai massacre.