The giant, violent and child like Aaron Helzinger has appeared in the comics several times under the name Amygdala. The amygdala is a section of the brain that controls emotional response and was removed from Helzinger, resulting in uncontrollable anger
The episode title "Damned If You Do... " refers to the quote "(you're) Damned If You Do And Damned If You Don't" and it signifies that person will be blamed for an outcome regardless of how they might have acted. In academic circles, it is known as the Law of Double Effect.
The bar Bullock works at plays Body of an American, a song famously played at detective wakes in The Wire. The Wire was often compared to Gotham Central, which shares a lot with this program.
Otto Sanchez is the third actor from Oz (1997) to appear in the show. The first two were John dorman and David zayas who played carmine Falcone and Salvatore Maroni in the previous season
Otto Sanchez, here as Ogden Barker, steps into the Marvel Universe but remains a gangster, becoming Arturo 'El Rey' Gomez III in Luke Cage (2018) on Netflix.