German composer. After his father's death in 1915, he brought money
home to the family by playing in taverns and cinemas. He also performed
as a solo violist or in various chamber music ensembles, organized
music festivals in Donaueschingen and Baden-Baden (1923-1929), taught
at the Hochschule für Musik, Berlin (1927-1938), Yale University
(1940-1953) and Zürich University (1951-1956), and in 1953 began a new
career as orchestral conductor. Emigrated to the USA in 1940 and became a US Citizen in 1946.