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Jules Gabriel Verne (1828-1905) was one of the most famous French novelists of all time. His major work is the "Extraordinary Journeys", a series of more than sixty adventure novels including "Journey to the Center of the Earth", "Around the World in 80 Days", "20.000 Leagues under the Seas" and "The Mysterious Island" which had multiple cinematographic adaptations. Nicknamed "The father of science fiction", he is the second most translated author in the world after Agatha Christie.- Writer
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Count Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born on September 9, 1828, in his ancestral estate Yasnaya Polyana, South of Moscow, Russia. He was the fourth of five children in a wealthy family of Russian landed Gentry. His parents died when he was a child, and he was brought up by his elder brothers and relatives.
Leo Tolstoy studied languages and law at Kazan University for three years. He was dissatisfied with the school and left Kazan without a degree, returned to his estate and educated himself independently. In 1848 he moved to the capital, St. Petersburg, and there passed two tests for a law degree. He was abruptly called to return to his estate near Moscow, where he inherited 4000 acres of land and 350 serfs. There Tolstoy built a school for his serfs, and acted as a teacher. He briefly went to a Medical School in Moscow, but lost a fortune in gambling, and was pulled out by his brother. He took military training, became an Army officer, and moved to the Caucasus, where he lived a simple life for three years with Cossacs. There he wrote his first novel - "Childhood" (1852), it became a success. With writing "Boyhood" (1854) and "Youth" (1857) he concluded the autobiographical trilogy. In the Crimean War (1854-55) Tolstoy served as artillery commander in the Battle of Sevastopol, and was decorated for his courage. Between the battles he wrote three stories titled "Sevastopol Sketches", that won him wide attention, and a complement from the Czar Aleksandr II.
After the war, Tolstoy returned to St. Petersburg, where he enjoyed the friendship of Ivan Turgenev, Nikolai A. Nekrasov, Ivan Goncharov, and other writers. On his trips to Europe, he had discussions with Gertsen in London, and attended Darwin's lectures. In Brussels he had meetings with philosophers Prudhon and Lelewel. Tolstoy undertook a research of schools in Europe, and later he built and organized over 20 schools for poor people in Russia. At that time the secret police began surveillance, and searched his home. In 1862 he married Sofia Andreevna Bers, and fathered 13 children with his wife. Four of their babies died, and the couple raised the remaining nine children. His wife was also his literary secretary, and also contributed to his best works, "War and Peace" (1863-69) and "Anna Karenina" (1873-77). In his "Confession" (1879) Tolstoy revealed his own version of Christianity, blended with socialism, that won him many followers. Tolstoyan communities sprang up in America and Europe, and he assisted the Russian non-Orthodox Christians (Dukhobors) in migrating to USA and Canada. He split from aristocratic class and developed an ascetic lifestyle, becoming a vegetarian, and a farmer. He sponsored and organized free meals for the poor. He transfered his copyright on all of his writings after 1880 to public domain. In his later age Tolstoy was pursuing the path of a wandering ascetic. He corresponded with Mohandas K. Gandhi, who was directly influenced by Tolstoy's "The Kingdom of God is Within You" (1894), which was praised by many nonviolent movements.
In 1900 Tolstoy criticized the Tsar's government in a series of publications, calling for separation of Chuch and State. Tsar Nicholas II retaliated through the Church, by expulsion of Tolstoy from Orthodox Cristianity as a "heretic". He fell ill, and suffered from a severe depression; he was suicidal and even had to eliminate all hunting guns from his home, because of his suicidal mode. He was treated by the famous doctor Dahl, and was visited by composer Sergei Rachmaninoff and basso Feodor Chaliapin Sr., who performed for Tolstoy on many occasions. Later he went to convalesce in Yalta, in Crimea, where he spent time with Anton Chekhov and Maxim Gorky. Tolstoy was an obvious candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature, but was initially omitted by the Nobel Committee for his views. The omission caused a strong response from a group of Swedish writers and artists. They sent an address to Tolstoy, but the writer answered by declining any future prize nomination.
In 1902 Tolstoy wrote a letter to the Tsar, calling for social justice, to prevent a civil war, and in 1904, during the Russo-Japanese War, Tolstoy wrote a condemnation of war. The Tsar replied by increasing police surveillance on Tolstoy. In November of 1910 he left his estate, probably taking the path of a wandering ascetic, which he had been pursuing for decades. He left home without explanations and took a train, in which he caught pneumonia, and died at a remote station of Astapovo. He was laid to rest in his estate of Yasnaya Polyana, which was made a Tolstoy National Museum.
His youngest daughter, named Alexandra Tolstoy, was the director of the Tolstoy Museum, and was arrested by the Communists five times. She emigrated from Russia to the United States, where she founded the Tolstoy Foundation. She helped many prominent Russian intellectuals, such as Vladimir Nabokov and Sergei Rachmaninoff among many others.- Writer
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Henrik Ibsen was born on March 20th in Stockmannsgerden in Skien. His mother was Marichen and his father was Knud, a merchant. On 1835 his father gave up his business and the family moved to Venstop, a farm in Gjerpen. In 1843 he confirmed in Gjerpen church and left home in order to apprentice to Jens Aarup Reinmann, chemist. Three years later his first son was born by Else Sophie Jesdatter. On 1849 he wrote Catiline which was published a year later. On September 26, 1850 the first Ibsen staging in history took place; the one-act The Burial Mound was performed at Cristiania Theater. Two years later he started directing productions at Det norske Theater in Bergen. From 1853 to 1877 he wrote the plays St. John's night, Lady Inger, The feast at Solhoug, Olaf Liliekrans, The Vikings at Helgeland, Love's comedy, The pretenders, Brand, Peer Gynt, The League of Youth, Emperor and Galilean and Pillars of Society and the poems Life on the Upland, Terje Vigen and Balloon letter to a Swedish lady. Meanwhile he married Suzannah Thoresen in 1858 and his second son Sigurg was born a year later. In 1878 he moved to Rome where he lived for seven years. There he started writing the circle of his 11 last plays that made him classic; A Doll's House (1879), Ghosts (1881), An Enemy of the people (1882), The Wild Duck (1884), Rosmersholm (1886), The Lady from the Sea (1888), Hedda Gabler (1890), The Master Builder (1892), Little Ejolf (1894) John Gabriel Borkman (1896) and his last one When We Dead Awaken (1898). The same year large-scale celebrations took place in Christiania, Copenhagen and Stockholm for his 70th birthday. Two years later he had his first stroke. On May 23rd 1906 he died.- Pop Taylor was born on 9 July 1828 in Brownsville, Texas, USA. He was an actor, known for As the Sun Went Down (1919). He died in 1932 in the USA.
- Chernyshevskiy (often simplified to Chernyshevsky) began his life as a bright young Russian thinker who sympathized with the impoverished masses in the old Tsarist Russian Empire and who opposed the Russian "establishment." He got his degree from St Petersburg University in 1850 and then taught school 3 years in the provinces. He returned to St. Petersbug (then the capital) in 1853, married, and became a writer and editor (Russia's most famous liberal literary journal, "Sovremennik" ["The Contemporary"]. As he became more radical and critical of the established Tsarist order, he was jailed in the 1860s, where he secretly wrote and smuggled from his cell his most famous novel, "Chto delat?" ["What is to be Done?"]. His novel was hastily published by "Sovremennik," but most copies were quickly seized by the authorities. Thus Russians who wanted to read Chernyshevskiy's "banned book" needed to get it in editions published abroad (in various languages, including Russian). This inflammatory leftist book became "forbidden fruit" for later Russian radicals like Lenin. After the Russian Communist Revolution (1917), "What is to be Done" was canonized as a major Soviet classic, published in mass editions, taught as a compulsory text in schools, adapted for stage and screen, etc. (Even an Italian film adaptation in the 1970s.) But in recent decades the old Soviet classic writers and their writings -- Gorkiy (Gorky), Chernyshevskiy, and their like -- have largely gone out of fashion. Recent generations of young people have come to regard them as dogmatic and boring. More film adaptations seem unlikely in the foreseeable future, even though a recent Broadway stage treatment of Chernyshevskiy and other old Russian radicals did attract some attention and critical commentary.
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Edmond Gondinet was born on 7 March 1828 in Laurière, Haute-Vienne, France. He was a writer, known for True Romance (1993), Lara Croft: Tomb Raider - The Cradle of Life (2003) and Un viaggio di piacere (1922). He died on 19 November 1888 in Neuilly, France.- Mrs. Oliphant was born on 4 April 1828 in Wallyford, East Lothian, Scotland, UK. She was a writer, known for Mystery and Imagination (1966). She was married to William Valentine and Frank Wilson Oliphant. She died on 25 June 1897 in Windsor, Berkshire, England, UK.
- King Albert of Saxony was born on 23 April 1828 in Saxony [now Germany]. He was married to Princess Carola of Vasa. He died on 19 June 1902 in Dresden, Saxony [now Germany].
- Henry Dunant (born Jean-Henri Dunant; 8 May 1828 - 30 October 1910), also known as Henri Dunant, was a Swiss humanitarian, businessman, and social activist. He was the visionary, promoter, and co-founder of the Red Cross. In 1901, he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Frédéric Passy. Dunant was the first Swiss Nobel laureate.
During a business trip in 1859, Dunant was witness to the aftermath of the Battle of Solferino in modern-day Italy. He recorded his memories and experiences in the book A Memory of Solferino which inspired the creation of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in 1863. The 1864 Geneva Convention was based on Dunant's idea for an independent organization to care for wounded soldiers. - George Meredith was born on 12 February 1828 in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England, UK. He was a writer, known for Matinee Theatre (1955), Diana of the Crossways (1922) and The Ordeal of Richard Feverel (1964). He was married to Marie Vulliamy and Mary Ellen Nicolls. He died on 18 May 1909 in Box Hill, Surrey, England, UK.
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Frans Hedberg was born on 2 March 1828 in Stockholm, Sweden. He was a writer, known for Hin och smålänningen (1927), Storgårds-Annas friare (1927) and Bröllopet på Ulfåsa (1910). He died on 8 June 1908 in Vaxholm, Stockholm, Stockholms län, Sweden.- Edmond About was born on 14 February 1828 in Dieuze, Moselle, France. He was a writer, known for L'uomo dall'orecchio mozzato (1916), Trente et quarante (1946) and Germaine (1923). He died on 16 January 1885 in Paris, France.
- W.G. Wills was born on 28 January 1828 in Ireland. He was a writer, known for Tense Moments from Great Plays (1922), The Eternal Strife (1915) and A Royal Divorce (1923). He died on 13 December 1891 in London, UK.
- Joshua Chamberlain was born on 8 September 1828 in Brewer, Maine, USA. He died on 24 February 1914 in Portland, Maine, USA.
- Pavol Dobsinský was born on 16 March 1828 in Slavosovce, Uherské království [now Slovakia]. Pavol was a writer, known for Dlhý, Siroký, Bystrozraký (1994), Nebojsa (1981) and Zlatná krajina (1985). Pavol died on 2 October 1885 in Driencany, Austria-Hungary [now Slovakia].
- Emile DeNajac was born on 14 December 1828 in Lorient, Morbihan, France. He was a writer, known for That Uncertain Feeling (1941), Kiss Me Again (1925) and Divorcons (1915). He was married to Elisabeth Mahérault. He died on 11 April 1889 in Paris, France.
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Viktor Rydberg was born on 18 December 1828 in Jönköping, Jönköpings län, Sweden. He was a writer, known for The Wind Is My Lover (1949), Gentlemen (2014) and Noll tolerans (1999). He was married to Susen Emilia Hasselblad. He died on 21 September 1895 in Djursholm, Stockholms län, Sweden.- Writer
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Charles Nuitter was born on 24 April 1828 in Paris, France. He was a writer, known for Victor Frankenstein (2015), The Mysterious House of Dr. C. (1979) and Dr. Coppelius (1966). He died on 24 February 1899 in Paris, France.- Writer
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Hector Crémieux was born on 10 November 1828 in Paris, France. He was a writer, known for L'abbé Constantin (1925), Orpheus in der Unterwelt (1974) and L'abbé Constantin (1933). He died on 30 September 1892 in Paris, France.- Léon Battu was born on 8 February 1828 in Paris, France. Léon was a writer, known for Musical TV Theater (1970), Le mariage aux lanternes (1963) and Pépito (1947). Léon died on 22 November 1857 in Paris, France.