Both were Tulpas, but created for totally different purposes.
In "Arcadia", it was created by a selfish person for selfish reasons in order to elicit some amount of authoritative control over his environment. But, as Tulpas do, it developed a mind of its own and started to do what it wanted. As we see in this episode, once this Tulpa is set into motion, it is probably not going to stop until it accomplishes its prime directive, which is to kill any person who broke the rules- which is what makes this particular use of the Tulpa much more insidious than The Band-Aid nose man.
A Tulpa having a mind of its own is exactly the same as the Band-Aid nose man from season 10's "Home Again".
But where the Band-Aid nose man was providing a measure of justice for homeless people that were being abused by rich people acting "for the homeless but really acting for themselves", The Tulpa in this episode is following a strict set of rules that was created by the person who set it into motion.
We can also compare the Ubermenscher to the golem in Kaddish, but that was created under a completely different mythology. But where the golem was created from love, that is far from the case with this Tulpa.
It is also interesting that the Tulpa we meet here is almost totally composed of garbage. Whereas a golem is formed from dirt, and the Band-Aid nose man out of clay, this Tulpa was composed of a disgusting array of garbage, filth, coffee grinds, motor oil, and whatever else you might think occupies a landfill.
It was interesting to revisit the concept of the Tulpa in season 10, being used for a different reason than this one was created... but in the long run, they both just did whatever they wanted.
The solution for this Tulpa problem in "Arcadia" was drastic... in "home again", it is much simpler and less drastic... all that was required was a simple redesign and the person that created the Tulpa taking responsibility for it.
Because in the long run whether in Arcadia or home again, "we are responsible for what we make", whether that is a child, garbage, a piece of art, a piece of music. Sometimes just taking responsibility for the things that we are responsible for solves the problem of "runaway Tulpas"...