Aldo is studying Stephen Hawking's 'A Brief History of Time', yet another emergence of time in the subtext of LOST. The chapter he is reading is Chapter seven - all about black holes and bending time.
Mittelos Bioscience is the company that the Others use as a front to recruit outsiders including Juliet in "Not in Portland". Mittelos is an anagram for "Lost Time" as well as "Lost Item."
Edmund Burke, Juliet's ex-husband, is another instance of a philosopher's name appearing in the Lost universe.
Alexandra's boyfriend is being brainwashed in room #23, another appearance of one of the Numbers.
When Juliet visits her sister to give her some experimental medicine, there's a lamp on her sister's night stand. It's base is an octagon with a yin-yang symbol, reminiscent of the DHARMA logo.