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- Writer
James Monroe was born on 28 April 1758 in Westmoreland County, Virginia, USA. He was a writer. He was married to Elizabeth Kortright. He died on 4 July 1831 in New York City, New York, USA.- Ludwig Joachim von Arnim was raised as an orphan by his grandmother in Berlin. His father was not only very busy as a diplomat, but also as director of the Berlin Opera and managing his estate in the Uckermark and did not find time to raise his son. Arnim studied law and natural sciences in Halle from 1798 to 1799. From 1800 he devoted himself to mathematical studies at the University of Georgia-Augusta in Göttingen. There he first met early romantics like Ludwig Tieck. After meeting Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Clemens Brentano, he became primarily interested in literature. A close, lifelong friendship and later romantic working relationship developed between Clemens Brentano and Arnim. From 1801 to 1804 he went on several educational trips through Europe with his brother - including France, Switzerland and England.
Before and during his travels, he collected oral folk songs. Then, in 1804, he began to compile the three-volume song collection "Des Knaben Wunderhorn" (1806 - 1808) with Clemens Brentano in Heidelberg. The first volume was published in 1805. Arnim didn't stop at collecting, but changed the texts, adapted them or rewritten them. In Heidelberg, Arnim and Brentano met the poets Joseph Karl Benedikt Freiherr von Eichendorff, Johann Joseph von Görres, Justinus Kerner, Ludwig Tieck and Philipp Otto Runge, with whom they formed the core of the Heidelberg Romantics. For political reasons, this circle turned to the Middle Ages in order to create national unity through this art era; the aesthetic aspect of art was of less interest. After the Peace of Tilsit in 1807, Arnim moved to Kassel and, together with Clemens Brentano, completed the second and third parts of the "Wunderhorn" with over 600 songs.
Goethe received the work with enthusiasm, which was also a great success and had a lasting effect on Romantic song poetry. The suggestions that came from this were reflected in ballads by Eduard Mörike, Heinrich Heine, Ludwig Uhland and Theodor Storm. In 1809 Arnim returned to Berlin and tried in vain to get a job in the Prussian civil service. The relationship with Clemens Brentano became even closer when Arnim married his sister Bettine Brentano. The two had already met in 1802. She became a writer herself after the death of Achim von Arnim. From 1808 to 1812, Armin joined the Berlin "Christian-German Table Society" of the patriots Heinrich Kleist, Adam Müller, Adalbert Chamisso, Ernst Moritz Arndt, Friedrich Baron da la Motte Fouqué and others who campaigned for the liberation of Prussia.
In 1813, Arnim took part in the War of Freedom as captain of a Landsturm battalion. In 1814 the von Arnim couple moved to the Wieperdorf estate, but also spent part of their time in Berlin. Armin linked his literary work to a political renewal that he saw as achievable with the help of art. The revival of traditional poetry played an important role. In the short story collection "The Winter Garden" (1809), traditional texts are edited and adapted. A year later, the novel "Poverty, Wealth, Guilt and Penance of Countess Dolores" (1810) was written, which represented a typically early romantic theme with its supernatural content and influenced other works of this era. His "Magazine for Hermits," which he published in collaboration with Brentano, also reflects this sign of renewal. In it he published numerous works by other romantics such as the brothers Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm. In book form, the journal is entitled "Solace-Loneliness".
His fantastic narrative works, such as the novella "Isabella of Egypt", which also integrate surreal, critical and historical elements, are becoming more widely known and are an important contribution to the early romantic era. His two major novels, "Countess Dolores" as a marriage novel and the fragmentary "Crown Guard" (1817) as a historical work, are period pieces that address contemporary society and address its shortcomings. With the latter work, Arnim significantly pushed forward the renewal of the historical novel in Germany. In 1818 his novella "The Mad Invalid at Fort Ratonneau" was published. Achim von Arnim's dramas are adaptations of traditional works such as the title "The Equals" or the play "Halle and Jerusalem", which goes back to Andreas Gryphius' tragedy "Cardenio and Celinde". After the freedom fights, Achim von Arnim withdrew to his estates in Wiepersdorf near Berlin and devoted himself to managing them.
Achim von Arnim died on January 21, 1831 in Wiepersdorf, Jüter district. - James Hoban was born in 1762 in Ireland. He died on 8 December 1831 in Washington D.C., USA.
- Hegel first attended the German and Latin schools in Stuttgart. Afterwards he was a student at the local "Gymnasium illustre" until he graduated in 1788. His special academic achievements earned him a scholarship that enabled him to study philology, mathematics, philosophy between 1788 and 1793 and, after his master's degree in 1790, to study theology at the Tübingen monastery. During this time he met the later poet Friedrich Hölderlin and the later philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling and maintained a friendly relationship with them. During his time, Hegel was particularly interested in antiquity and the French Revolution. After his studies in the monastery, Hegel worked as a private tutor in Bern and Frankfurt/M for a while. busy. An inheritance gave him the financial security to devote himself to his philosophy.
In 1801 his work "Difference between the Fichtean and Schelling systems" was published. The following year the title "Faith and Knowledge" was published. The connection to Schelling enabled him to complete his habilitation at the University of Jena. In 1805 Hegel became an associate professor of philosophy. At this time, the poets Novalis, Ludwig Tieck and the brothers Friedrich and August Wilhelm Schlegel made Jena the center of German Romanticism. In addition, Friedrich Schiller taught history at Jena University, as did the idealists Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Schelling, philosophy. In 1806, Napoleon defeated the troops of Prussia, Russia and Saxony near Jena and Auerstedt. The Prussian Empire collapsed and Hegel left Jena. In the same year he completed work on his first central work, "Phenomenology of Spirit". It was published in 1807 in Bamberg and Würzburg. In the same year he briefly worked as editor of the "Bamberger Zeitung".
The following year he became rector of the Ägidyengymnasium in Nuremberg, which he directed until 1815. During this time, the first two volumes of his second important work, "Science of Logic," were published. The third volume was published in 1816. In this work Hegel outlines the development of the absolute. After his time in Nuremberg, Hegel went to Heidelberg, where he held a chair in philosophy. There he produced the "Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences" in 1817, which sets out the outline of his philosophical system. The encyclopedia work systematically summarizes Hegel's approaches in his other writings into an overall view that also contains his natural philosophical ideas. His system influenced Marxism and Neo-Hegelianism as well as modern philosophical systems. In 1818 he left Heidelberg and moved to Berlin. There he became Fichte's successor at the Philosophical Faculty of the University. In 1821 his work on "Legal Philosophy" appeared. In it he explains his idea of practical philosophy, in which law, morality and morality mean the will of the mind.
Hegel regularly gave the lecture "On the Philosophy of World History" from 1822 to 1830. It gave him not only the reputation of a Prussian state philosopher, but also of the top German philosopher par excellence. In particular, his lectures on aesthetics, philosophy of religion and history, in which he presented his doctrine of "absolute spirit", had an enormously broad impact. His other teaching subjects also included philosophy of law, art and the history of philosophy.
Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel died of cholera in Berlin on November 14, 1831. - Ferenc Kazinczy was born on 27 October 1759 in Érsemlyén, Hungary [now Simian, Romania]. He was a writer, known for A bor lelke (1999) and Fogságom naplója (1979). He died on 23 August 1831 in Széphalom, Hungary.
- Henry Louis Vivian Derozio was born on 18 April 1807 in Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India. Henry Louis Vivian died on 26 December 1831 in Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India.
- Ikku Jippensha was born in 1765 in Fuchû, Suruga, Japan. Ikku was a writer, known for Yajîkita kohen (1921), Yajîkita: zenpen (1921) and Tonosama - Yaji kita (1960). Ikku died on 12 September 1831.
- Andrea Leone Tottola was a writer, known for La donna del lago (2013), The Metropolitan Opera HD Live (2006) and Zelmira (2010). Andrea Leone died on 15 September 1831 in Naples, Italy.
- After school, he enrolled in college in 1774, but dropped out two years later at the start of the American Revolution to join the Virginia Army. During the fighting, Monroe was wounded and promoted to major. In 1782, Monroe began studying law and became friends with Thomas Jefferson. With this he was represented in Virginia's delegation to the Continental Congress from 1783 to 1786. During this time, Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright.
After practicing law for several years, Monroe was elected to the Senate in 1790. In this role, together with James Madison and Jefferson, he organized the opposition to President George Washington, which eventually developed into the Republican Party. From 1794 to 1796, Monroe served as an envoy to revolutionary France. In 1799 he was elevated to governor of Virginia. In this role he helped suppress a slave rebellion the following year.
In 1803, Monroe was again in diplomatic service in France, where he negotiated the American purchase of Louisiana with Robert R. Livingston. From 1804 to 1807 he served as an envoy to Great Britain. In 1811, under James Madison's presidency, Monroe was appointed Secretary of State. During the military conflict with Great Britain in 1814/15 he also served as Minister of War. As a Republican candidate, Monroe won the presidential election in 1816.
During his double term in office from 1817 to 1825, he developed a policy of internal consolidation that included expanding the army, strengthening the US Bank and enforcing protectionism. During his presidency, he established the "Era of Good Feeling", which was based on restoring political harmony and overcoming partisan differences. The president's power of integration was expressed in the elections of 1820, in which Monroe received all the votes unopposed.
In the area of foreign policy, Monroe was able to claim Florida in 1819. On the question of recognizing the independent Latin American states, the US President took an independent position vis-à-vis the major European powers. In his annual address of December 2, 1823, Monroe rejected any European intervention in Latin America to restore Spanish dominance. He also reiterated the United States' intention not to interfere in the internal affairs of other nations.
This foreign policy program, then known as the "Monroe Doctrine," was to determine the isolationist and hegemonic course of US foreign policy for a long time. After Monroe left the presidency in 1825, he became involved with the University of Virginia. In 1829 he attended the Virginia Constitutional Convention with James Madison.
James Monroe died on July 4, 1831 in New York City. - Soundtrack
Ignace Pleyel was born on 18 June 1757 in Ruppersthal, Austria, Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire [now Lower Austria, Austria]. He died on 14 November 1831 in Paris, France.- Jedediah Smith was born on 6 January 1799 in Bainbridge, New York, USA. He died on 27 May 1831 in Ulysses, Kansas, USA.
- Writer
- Music Department
- Soundtrack
Cesare Sterbini was born in 1784 in Rome, Papal State [now Lazio, Italy]. He was a writer, known for Jumanji (1995), Fulltime Killer (2001) and Quartet (2012). He died on 19 January 1831 in Rome, Papal State [now Lazio, Italy].- William Roscoe was born on 8 March 1753 in Liverpool, England, UK. He was married to Jane Griffies. He died on 30 June 1831 in Liverpool, England, UK.