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Vincent Willem van Gogh was born on March 30, 1853, in Zundert, Netherlands. His father, named Theodorus van Gogh, was a Protestant minister. His mother, named Anna Cornelia Carbentus, was a daughter of the "book-binder to the King" Willem Carbentus; who had bound the first Consitution of Holland. Vincent Van Gogh was given the name of his elder brother, who had died at birth a year before Van Gogh was born. He had two junior brothers and three sisters, and was strongly attached to his brother Theo.
Young Van Gogh was brought up in a religious and strict atmosphere. He was severely punished by his grandmother at one time. He had a very uncontrollable temper, was highly emotional, and lacked self-confidence. From the age of 7 to 11 he was taught at home by a governess. Then from the age of 11 to 15 he was sent to boarding schools in the Netherlands. His first art teacher was Constantijn Huysmans, a professional artist, who taught the young Van Gogh basic drawing and composition. From 1869-1873 Van Gogh worked for an established art dealer, Goupil & Cie, in the Hague. Then he worked in London and Paris until 1876, when he was fired for showing resentment to the customers. Van Gogh went to England as a minister's assistant. Then he studied theology at the University of Amsterdam for one year, but gave up. He tried to follow his father's profession and become a preacher in Belgium, but was dismissed after a year for "underminig the dignity of the priesthood."
He studied at the Royal Academy of Art in Brussels for six months in 1880 and 1881. In the summer of 1881 Van Gogh fell in love with his widowed cousin, Kee Vos, but was cruelly rejected by her. He became upset and resentful. This led to a violent quarrel with his father on Christmas, and he moved in with an alcoholic prostitute for a year. In 1884 Van Gogh had a romance with a neighbor's daughter, who shared his interest in art, but their marriage was opposed by both families. This and the death of his father in March of 1885 caused depression. At that time Van Gogh made his first major work, "The Potato Eaters". In September of 1885 he was accused of making one of his sitters, a young peasant girl, pregnant and was ostracized by the local Church. He moved to Antwerp, where he studied color theory and painting at the Antwerpen School of Arts, and matriculated in January of 1886. While he was away, his mother and sister moved. They left behind almost all of his paintings, of which 70 were bought by a junk dealer and some were burned.
From March 1886 to February 1888, Van Gogh lived in Paris. There he met the Impressionists: Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Edgar Degas, Alfred Sisley, Paul Signac, Georges Seurat, and brothers Lucien and Camille Pissarro. The Impressionist's use of light and color inspired Van Gogh on updating his own palette. During the Paris years, his color scheme became brighter and lighter. His use of complementary colors in proximity produced remarkable decorative effects. He wrote: "I want to use colours that complement each other, that cause each other to shine brilliantly, that complete each other like a man and a woman." Van Gogh also adopted some ideas of pointillism, but developed his own technique with stronger brush-strokes, sharp composition, and his own color scheme using complementary colors. He created about 200 oil paintings during his two years in Paris.
In February of 1888 Van Gogh moved to Arles with a plan to found an art colony. His friend Paul Gauguin joined in October. Van Gogh presented him several paintings of sunflowers, but their cooperation lasted only for two months. Their arguments about art and life were exacerbated by drinking and rivalry for prostitutes. Van Gogh's mental state was alternating between fits of depression and lucidity. At times, his madness led to aggressive actions. In December of 1888 he attacked Paul Gauguin with an open razor, was stopped, but eventually cut part of his ear off and gave it to a prostitute. Paul Gauguin sent a note to his brother Theo and left forever. Theo immediately came to help. Van Gogh was sent to the state mental hospital of St. Paul in Saint Remy de Provence. There he lived for a year and made some of his best works: "Starry Night", "Vincent's Bedroom", and several paintings of Irises.
Van Gogh was released in May of 1890 and moved to live in Auvers-sur-Oise under supervision of Dr. Gachet. His health improved enough to give him energy for the most intensive work marathon. In just two months there he painted ninety excellent works. This included portraits of Dr. Gachet, landscapes, still-lives, and "Wheat Field with Crows". In a state of depression he went out into the wheat field and shot himself in the chest on July 27, 1890. Fatally wounded, Van Gogh died two days later in the arms of his brother Theo. He was laid to rest at the cemetery of Auvers-sur-Oise.
Van Gogh's disobedience drove his creativity towards new horizons. Although categorized as a Post-impressionist, Van Gogh pioneered the style of Expressionism and had a very important influence on 20th century art. He influenced many artists and art movements, such as Henri Matisse and the French Fauves, Ernest Ludwig Kirchner and German Expressionists, as well as Francis Bacon and other artists. Van Gogh was been the topic of several biographical films. He was played most memorably by Kirk Douglas in Lust for Life (1956) and by Tim Roth in Vincent & Theo (1990). The highly popular song "Vincent" by Don McLean was a tribute to Van Gogh.- Carlo Collodi was born on 24 November 1826 in Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany [now Tuscany, Italy]. He was a writer, known for Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchio (2022), Pinocchio (1940) and Pinocchio (2022). He died on 26 October 1890 in Florence, Tuscany, Italy.
- Director
- Cinematographer
- Producer
Le Prince was a French artist and the inventor of an early motion picture camera born in Metz, France. His father was a major of artillery in the French Army and an officer of the Légion d'honneur. When growing up, he reportedly spent time in the studio of his father's friend, the pioneer of photography Louis Daguerre, from whom he may have received some lessons on photography and chemistry before he was 10 years old. His education went on to include the study of painting in Paris and post-graduate chemistry at Leipzig University. He then moved to Leeds, England in 1866, after being invited to join John Whitley, a friend from college, in Whitley Partners of Hunslet, a firm of brass founders making valves and components. In 1869, he married Elizabeth Whitley, John's sister and a talented artist, and the two of them started a school of applied art, the Leeds Technical School of Art, and became well renowned for their work in fixing coloured photographs on to metal and pottery. In 1881, Le Prince went to the United States with his family where he began experiments relating to the production of 'moving' photographs, designing a camera that utilised sixteen lenses, which was the first invention he patented. After his return to Leeds in May 1887, he built a single-lens camera in mid-late 1888 used to shoot his motion-picture films. It was first used on 14 October 1888 to shoot what would become known as Roundhay Garden Scene (1888) and Accordion Player (1888). He later used it to film Traffic Crossing Leeds Bridge (1888). In September 1890, he was preparing for a trip to the United States, supposedly to publicly premiere his work and join his wife and children. Before this journey, he decided to return to France to visit his brother in Dijon. Then, on 16 September, he took a train to Paris but, having taken a later train than planned, his friends missed him in Paris. He was never seen again by his family or friends. The last person to see Le Prince at the Dijon station was his brother. The French police, Scotland Yard and the family undertook exhaustive searches, but never found him. Le Prince was officially declared dead on 16 September 1897.- Sitting Bull, a Hunkpapa Lakota (Sioux) holy man and war chief, was born in 1831 near the Grand River in what is now the Standing Rock Indian Reservation in South Dakota. He was named after his father, who was killed by Crow warriors--the Crow tribe being a longtime enemy of the Lakota--in an ambush. In the mid-1860s, during what became known as Red Cloud's War, Sitting Bull led the Sioux in a series of attacks on US Army posts and civilian wagon trains in the Powder River area of the Dakotas. Although other Indian tribes signed a peace treaty with the US government ending the war in 1868, Sitting Bull refused to and continued his attacks on military and civilian targets into the 1870s. He attacked crews building railroads across the Indian territory and miners who were panning for gold in the Black Hills, an area sacred to the Sioux. His attacks prompted the US government to send federal troops to the area, under the command of Col. George Armstrong Custer, to stop them. In 1875 the US Interior Department ordered all Sioux living outside the area known as The Great Sioux Reservation to move onto it, and any who did not would be declared "hostile" and could be forcibly removed to the reservation. Rather than persuading Indians to follow the Department's orders, this policy resulted in several tribes previously hostile to each other, such as the Cheyenne and Kiowa, to unite in alliance with the Sioux against the army, although many chiefs who had previously fought the army--such as Red Cloud, Gall and Spotted Tail--decided it was in their best interests to take their followers and live on the reservation.
In 1875 the Cheyenne and several Sioux clans joined forces to resist the army's attempts to place them on the reservation. They used Sitting Bull's camp as their main assembling point, as did many other Indians who had bolted from the reservation. As more and more Indians arrived the camp expanded in size, until there were an estimated 16,000 Indians living there. It was this camp that Custer stumbled across on June 25, 1876. His attack on the camp, and the subsequent defeat and annihilation of his command, became known as the Battle of the Little Big Horn, named for the river that ran through the camp. Contrary to popular opinion, however, Sitting Bull had nothing to do with the defeat of Custer's forces--his task was to organize a defense of the camp, and it was other chiefs who led the counterattack on Custer.
Custer's defeat led the US army to assign thousands of troops to the area to track down and capture Sitting Bull, and over the next year or so many Sioux chiefs surrendered their bands due to the intense pressure from the army. Sitting Bull, however, refused to surrender and in 1877 led his band across the border into Canada, where he knew the US army could not reach him. However, conditions in Canada deteriorated for the Indians, with cold and hunger taking their toll. On July 19, 1881, he crossed back into the US and led his band of nearly 200 Indians to Fort Buford, South Dakota, and surrendered. Initially taken to Fort Yates, near the Standing Rock Reservation, Sitting Bull's band was transferred to Fort Randall, where they were kept for almost two years as prisoners of war. They returned to Standing Rock in 1883.
The next year Sitting Bull was given permission to leave the reservation to join the "wild west show" of Buffalo Bill Cody, aka "Buffalo Bill", and he became an audience favorite. He returned to the reservation after only four months with the Cody show, however. By that time he had become somewhat of a celebrity and many whites visited the reservation hoping to see him. He turned a tidy profit charging his "fans" to have their pictures taken with him.
In 1890 a movement known as the "Ghost Dance" swept the Standing Rock reservation. Part of the movement's message was to encourage Indians to defy the authorities and leave the reservation. The Indian Agency administrators were concerned that Sitting Bull, who was still considered a leader among the Sioux and wielded great influence over them, was planning on taking as many Indians as he could and flee the reservation. They ordered the tribal police to arrest and jail him to keep that from happening. On December 15, 1890, a force of more than 40 Indian police arrived at Sitting Bull's house. As they prepared to take him away, nearby Indians who had heard what was happening began to gather around the house. Sitting Bull refused to go with the police, and the crowd became angry. Reportedly a Sioux onlooker grabbed a rifle and fired it at the officer in charge, hitting him. The officer then pulled his weapon and shot Sitting Bull in the chest, and another officer fired a round into his head. The crowd then attacked the police, who fought back, and in the ensuing mêlée eight Indian police and seven Indians in the crowd, along with Sitting Bull, were killed. - Music Department
- Writer
- Soundtrack
Fakir Lalon Shah was born on 14 October 1772 in Jhenaidah, Bengal Presidency, British India [now in Jhenaidah, Bangladesh]. He was a writer, known for Whirling Desert - Iasi Ensemble (2020), Dekha (2001) and Milon Hobe Koto Dine (2001). He died on 17 October 1890 in Kushtia, Bengal Presidency, British India [now in Kushtia, Bangladesh].- Music Department
- Composer
- Soundtrack
César Franck, a French composer best known for his massive Symphony and enchanting three chorales for organ, which he wrote during the last month of his life after being hit by a horse-omnibus.
He was born César-Auguste Franck on December 10, 1822 in Liege, Belgium. He studied at the Royal Conservatoire of Liege before going to the Paris Conservatoire in 1835. There he studied piano with Zimmerman and organ with Benoist. His ability for sight-reading was legendary since his school days; Franck received the "Grand prix d'honneur" for transposing a fugue a third lower on sight.
Franck contributed twelve major works for organ, that made him the most important organ composer in France, and arguably second to Johann Sebastian Bach. He also wrote a massive "Symphony in D minor" (1886-88) and the "Symphonic Variations" for piano and orchestra. He admitted his interest in the music of Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner. In 1858 he became organist at the basilica Sainte-Clotilde and remained at that post until his death. He was a professor of organ and composition at the Paris Conservatoire, having such apprentices as Claude Debussy, Louis Vierne, and Paul Dukas.
César Franck suffered from pleurisy after he was hit by a horse-omnibus in 1890. After that accident he composed what is considered his masterpiece, the "Three Chorales" for organ. He died on November 8, 1890 in Paris, and was laid to rest in the Cimetriere du Montparnasse.- Alexandre Chatrian was born on 18 December 1826 in Abreschviller, Moselle, France. He was a writer, known for The Bells (1918), Polish Jew (1931) and The Death-Bell (1917). He died on 3 September 1890 in Villemomble, Seine-Saint-Denis, France.
- Dion Boucicault was born on 26 December 1822 in Dublin, Ireland, UK [now Republic of Ireland]. Dion was a writer, known for Conn, the Shaughraun (1912), Arrah-Na-Pogue (1911) and Kathleen Mavourneen (1919). Dion was married to Louise Thorndyke, Agnes Robertson and Anne Guiot. Dion died on 18 September 1890 in New York City, New York, USA.
- Laza Lazarevic was born on 1 May 1851 in Sabac, Serbia. He was a writer, known for Prvi put s ocem na jutrenje (1969), Prvi put s ocem na jutrenje (1992) and Sve ce to narod pozlatiti (1995). He died on 29 December 1890 in Belgrade, Serbia.
- David Hennessey died on 14 October 1890 in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
- Camilo Castelo Branco was born on 16 March 1825 in Lisbon, Portugal. He was a writer, known for Mysteries of Lisbon (2011), Amor de Perdição (1914) and Amor de Perdição (1943). He was married to Ana Augusta Plácido and Joaquina Pereira de França. He died on 1 June 1890 in Sao Miguel de Ceide, Vila Nova de Famalicao, Portugal.
- Octave Feuillet was born on 11 August 1821 in St. Lô, France. He was a writer, known for A Parisian Romance (1932), A Parisian Romance (1916) and Der Schloßherr von Hohenstein (1917). He was married to Valérie Dubois (writer). He died on 29 December 1890 in Paris, France.
- Heinrich Schliemann was born on 6 January 1822 in Neubukow, German Confederation [now Germany]. He died on 26 December 1890 in Naples, Italy.
- John C. Fremont was born on 21 January 1813 in Savannah, Georgia, USA. He died on 13 July 1890 in Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA.
- Valentine Hatfield was born in 1834. He was married to Nancy Maynard. He died on 13 February 1890 in Frankfort, Kentucky, USA.
- Adolphe Belot was born on 6 November 1829 in Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France. He was a writer, known for Sapho (1934), The Stranglers of Paris (1913) and The Grip of Iron (1920). He died on 18 December 1890 in Paris, France.
- Writer
- Soundtrack
Vasile Alecsandri (spelled Alecsandri not Alexandri , according to his choice!) is one of the great Romanian lyric poets and dramatists. Born in Bacau, Moldova on 14 June 1821, studied in Iasi Moldova and Paris France. In 1848 he was active in the liberal revolution, which stormed all over Europe and because of repression, went on exile and traveled through France, Spain, and North Africa. Back home after the unification of the two Romanian principats, he traveled to London in 1859 as minister for foreign affairs, to get British recognition of the Union of Valahia and Moldova in what will be later called Romania. In 1885 was appointed as the Romanian ambassador to Paris. Died on 22 August 1890 in Mircesti Romania.- Soundtrack
John Hill Hewitt was born on 11 July 1801 in New York City, New York, USA. He was married to Mary Smith and Estelle Mangin. He died on 7 October 1890 in Boston, Massachusetts, USA.- Richard Burton was born on 19 March 1821 in Torquay, Devon, England, UK. Richard was a writer, known for Anansi Storytime (2016) and Tales from the Thousand and One Nights (1981). Richard was married to Isabel Arundel. Richard died on 20 October 1890 in Trieste, Austria-Hungary [now Italy].
- Writer
- Soundtrack
Frans Hodell was born on 13 August 1840 in Stockholm, Stockholms län, Sweden. He was a writer, known for Andersson, Pettersson och Lundström (1923), Förtrollad vandring (1954) and A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence (2014). He died on 25 May 1890 in Stockholm, Stockholms län, Sweden.- Music Department
- Soundtrack
Thomas A. Beckett was born on 17 March 1808 in Brompton, Kent, England, UK. Thomas A. is known for Amistad (1997), Blue Chips (1994) and December 7th (1943). Thomas A. was married to Sarah Collingburn. Thomas A. died on 7 January 1890 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.- Edwin Waugh was born on 29 January 1817 in Rochdale, Lancashire, England, UK. He was a writer, known for Ten Nights in a Bar-Room (1931). He died on 30 April 1890 in New Brighton, Merseyside, England, UK.
- Gottfried Keller was born on 19 July 1819 in Zurich, Switzerland. He was a writer, known for Die mißbrauchten Liebesbriefe (1940), Romeo und Julia auf dem Dorfe (1941) and Kleider machen Leute (1940). He died on 15 July 1890 in Zurich, Switzerland.
- Frederick H. Hedge was born on 12 December 1805 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. He was married to Lucy L. Pierce. He died on 20 August 1890 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
- Ellison Mounts was born in August 1864 in West Virginia, USA. He died on 18 February 1890 in Pikeville, Kentucky, USA.
- Music Department
- Soundtrack
Niels W. Gade was born on 22 February 1817 in Copenhagen, Denmark. He is known for After the Wedding (2006), Nøgle hus spejl (2015) and Persona non grata (2021). He died on 21 December 1890 in Copenhagen, Denmark.- Leopold Lewis was born in 1828 in London, England, UK. He was a writer, known for Purple Playhouse (1973), The Bells (1926) and The Bells (1923). He died on 23 February 1890 in London, England, UK.
- Johanne Louise Heiberg was born on 22 November 1821 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Johanne Louise was a writer, known for En søndag på Amager (1941), Thorkild Roose (1949) and En søndag på Amager (1962). Johanne Louise died on 21 December 1890 in Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Júlio Ribeiro was born on 16 April 1845 in Sabará, Minas Gerais, Brazil. He was a writer, known for A Carne (1925), A Carne (1952) and A Carne (1975). He died on 1 November 1890 in Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
- William Kemmier was born on 9 May 1860 in Buffalo, New York, USA. He died on 6 August 1890 in Auburn, New York, USA.